How to Install macOS from the Internet: A Step-by-Step Guide

Installing macOS from the internet can be a convenient way to restore or upgrade your Mac without needing physical installation media. This process, commonly referred to as Internet Recovery, is built into macOS and allows you to reinstall the operating system directly from Apple's servers. Here's how to do it:

Step 1: Check System Requirements

Before proceeding, ensure the following:

• Internet Connection: A stable Wi-Fi or Ethernet connection is required for downloading macOS.
• Compatibility: Confirm your Mac supports macOS Internet Recovery. Most models released after mid-2010 include this feature.

Step 2: Backup Your Data

Installing macOS may erase existing data. Use Time Machine or an external drive to back up your important files.

1. Connect your backup drive.
2. Open System Preferences > Time Machine > Back Up Now.

Step 3: Enter macOS Recovery Mode

1. Restart your Mac.

2. As the system reboots, immediately press and hold Command (⌘) + Option (⌥) + R. This key combination initiates Internet Recovery, downloading the version of macOS that originally came with your Mac or the closest available version.

   • You can also press Command (⌘) + R to reinstall the most recent version of macOS installed on your Mac.

3. Release the keys when the spinning globe or Apple logo appears.

Step 4: Connect to the Internet

If prompted, choose your Wi-Fi network and enter the password. For a wired connection, ensure your Ethernet cable is connected before starting the process.

Step 5: Access macOS Utilities

After loading, the macOS Utilities window will appear. You will see several options:

• Restore From Time Machine Backup
• Reinstall macOS
• Disk Utility
• Get Help Online

Step 6: Erase the Disk (Optional)

If you want a clean installation, erase the disk before reinstalling macOS.

1. Select Disk Utility and click Continue.
2. In the Disk Utility window:
   • Choose your startup disk (often named "Macintosh HD").
   • Click Erase in the toolbar.
   • Select APFS or Mac OS Extended (Journaled) format, depending on your macOS version.
   • Click Erase and then Done.
3. Exit Disk Utility to return to macOS Utilities.

Step 7: Reinstall macOS

1. In the macOS Utilities window, select Reinstall macOS and click Continue.
2. Follow the on-screen instructions:
   • Select the disk where you want to install macOS.
   • Confirm installation to start downloading the operating system.
3. Depending on your internet speed, this process may take some time.

Step 8: Set Up macOS

Once installation is complete, your Mac will restart automatically. Follow the setup assistant to:

1. Create or log in to an Apple ID.
2. Configure iCloud and other preferences.
3. Restore files from a Time Machine backup (if applicable).

Tips and Troubleshooting

• Slow Internet Recovery: If downloading macOS takes too long, check your internet speed and switch to Ethernet if possible.
• Error Messages: Errors like "macOS could not be installed" may indicate hardware issues or incompatible firmware. Check Apple's support page for assistance.
• Command Key Combos:
  • Command (⌘) + R: Reinstall the latest macOS version on your Mac.
  • Command (⌘) + Option (⌥) + R: Install the macOS that came with your Mac or the closest available version.